How Music Can Enforce Or Challenge Power - 936 Words

Throughout the last two week of lecture, I have learnt that there are numerous ways where music can enforce or challenge power. Throughout the years, â€Å"music has always been an integral part of displays of political power, conveying national identity and official ideologies through symbolic acts.† The major three general ways how music can enforce or challenge power is through by the language and text that is use for the lyrics, the historical background of the piece, and where the piece was performed. When the apartheid ended in 1990s and the New South Africa era started, there was a problem with the national anthem. In 1997, a new combined anthem mixes â€Å"Nkosi sikelel’ iAfrika† with â€Å"Die Stem van Suid Afrika† and the lyrics in four languages: Zulu, Xhosa, Afrikaans, and English. The lyrics employ the four most widely spoken of South Africa’s official languages to represent the diversity in South Africa. â€Å"Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika† (Lord, Bless Africa) was adopted by the African National Congress (ANC) in 1925 as the official closing hymn of the organization. It has a long historical context behind the song. During this period, South Africa was in huge racial discrimination between the Native and the Whites. This hymn was a link to resistance from early on. Bob Marley’s â€Å"Zimbabwe† lyrics is important. It had inspired Zimbabwe National Liberation Army during their struggle for independence â€Å"Every man gotta right to decide his own destiny. In addition, the venue where thisShow MoreRelatedPre Nazi Holocaust And The Civil War1181 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Civil War fought simply because Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth†¦and their relatively few supporters spoke† (Downing 183). He also gives the example of pre-Nazi Germany, describe by Downing as â€Å"Europe’s paragon of civilization.† He notes how advanced this nation’s economy, sciences and engineering were, and that Jews were represented everywhere. Yet it just took 12 years for the Nazi Holocaust was devised and executed. These are dark periods of history where horrible things occurred, andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Song Wicked Games1697 Words   |  7 Pagesgrown a lot within the last five years due to his sudden fame in th e music industry and now he is a well-known singer around the world. This could be due to the lyrics in his songs or his intersecting identities that the audience can relate to. Focusing on the important intersecting identities can help one analyze his lyrics better, which is why I decided to focus on gender, race, class, sexuality, and age. This is where we can see power, privilege, and prestige (the three P s) in action. Abel is a blackRead MoreGender Roles : The Man Or The Woman?1369 Words   |  6 PagesBeyond simple tasks being associated with gender—women washing dishes and men taking out the trash—power has also become tied to gender. Men have acquired an unbalanced hold of power that women have been denied. Ciara points out these unfair gender roles in her music video Like a Boy. To Ciara, men have been allowed to lie, cheat, be secretive, and come home late—giving men an unequal hold of power within the relationship. She refers to these actions as acti ng â€Å"like a boy.† In order to reveal theRead MoreThe Importance of Internet Regulation in Fighting Piracy and Enforcing Copyright Claims1710 Words   |  7 PagesEnforcing Copyright Claims In 1980s, the Internet developed, and this brought about the growth of the file transfer protocol (FTP) servers, electronic mail (e-mail), and World Wide Web (WWW) as online services. The development has caused major challenges for copyright law. Digital technologies and Internet services have facilitated the reproduction and worldwide copyright dissemination easy and high-speed quantities with the protected works at no quality losses and expenses. Furthermore, becauseRead MoreFrida Kahlo Feminist Theory Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesThe feminist theory has been most commonly found throughout literature, as writers express their deepest concerns and criticisms. However, the feminist theory can be found in other mediums: art, journalism, and music. Frida Kahlo is known for contributing to the feminist theory, having participated in joining the Communist Party in the 1920s, which was the second wave (Helland 397). What truly led Kahlo to become an icon of the feminism and feminist th eory was her expression of herself. Kahlo paintedRead MoreThe Launch of a Women’s Radio Station in the City of Herat, Afghanistan1704 Words   |  7 Pagesrelations. 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Davidson’s reason for the selection of the iPod stems from the challenge she wants the undergraduatesRead MoreThe Importance Of Gender Roles1636 Words   |  7 PagesGender roles are extremely important to learn about, as they can be incredibly harmful. They limit a person ’s individuality, prevent people from truly expressing themselves and their feelings, and negatively affect people’s mental health. The following statement describes some of the different types of gender roles: â€Å"The strongest gender stereotypes for women were that theory are more emotional, aware of others’ feelings, kind and warm than men, and more likely to look after the house, and cry, HainesRead MoreKen Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest and Anthony Burgesss A Clockwork Orange2318 Words   |  10 Pagesfuture, is about a criminal teenager who is arrested by the government and undergoes a new reformation treatment intended to induce pain and nausea whenever he thinks about crime. Nurse Ratched and the government in A Clockwork Orange are similar in how they attempt to restrict the freedom of the masses in order to maintain their dominance; both authorities use technology to threaten and conform those deemed to be unsuitable for society. An importan t difference between the books, however, lies in theRead MoreAnalysis Of Koyaanisqatsi And If A Tree Falls1734 Words   |  7 Pagesultimate message. Koyaanisqatsi aims to adhere to a traditional representation of the environmentalist ideology, by adopting an ecocentric philosophy towards the relationship of nature and humanity. Within the environmentalism stems several beliefs to how society and the environment should interact. Of these beliefs, the notion of ecocentrism stands as one of the most prominent and influential philosophies to emerge within the ideology (O Riordan 1981). The doctrine of ecocentrism harbours the supposition

Technology s Affect On Learning Styles - 945 Words

Technology s Affect On Learning Styles Since the beginning of modern education, education and technology have been intertwined. Given that, it has only been recent that researchers have really made sense of how one learns. The idea of learning styles has been popularized in recent years in pop science, and psychology, assuming that each person has a unique novel learning method; but, given this information how can technology improve this ideal? To examine the effects of technology on learning styles one must understand what are the learning methods(styles) are, can teachers educated on learning styles improve their classrooms, how can educators and students use technology to improve their learning experience, and in all, what are the advantages of learning styles? In chapter five of ADD/ADHD Drug Free: Natural Alternatives Practical Exercises to Help Your Child Focus Jacobelli,and Warson discuss the 7 leaning styles people tend to have, Logical-Mathematical, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Int rapersona, Interpersonal, Musical-Rhythmic, Visual-Spatial,Verbal-Linguistic, and Naturalist. Case in point, Visual-Spatial, a person with an innate sense of space, color, and design. These people tend to be visually inclined hints the name Visual-Spatia, and because of this, they learn best through visual stimulants, like, images, books, and graphs. Anyway, the most popularized examples of these learning styles, and most accepted by colleges, and teachers alike are Visual, Auditory, andShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Students At Mcallen School District843 Words   |  4 Pages10/22/16 TECHNOLOGY AND STUDENTS McAllen school district in Texas recently spent twenty million dollars on I-pads and I-pods for students. 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It is very important to remember that having a disability does not mean a person is less capable, it just means thatRead MoreThe Effects Of Technology On Learning Styles873 Words   |  4 Pageseducation and technology have been intertwined. Given that, it has only been recent that scientists have actually figured out one learns. The ideal of learning styles has be popularized in recent years in pop science, and psychology, assuming that each person has unique learning method; but, given this information how can technology improve this ideal? To examine the affects of technology on learning styles one must understand what are the learning methods(styles), can teachers educated on learning stylesRead Mo reAdult Learning Theory: Andragogy Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesAdult Learning Theory: Andragogy The dispute of how adults learn is an ever developing subject matter since the 1920’s when adult learning became a professional field of practice (Merriam, S., 2001). 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Causing Fear And Sorrow English Literature Essay Free Essays

An of import end of literature is the edifice of a connexion between a work and its audience by working common experiences and their emotional responses. Without these personal investings, a reader can go uninterested, and any message the writer intends to portray may be misunderstood. Within the two plants â€Å" The Raven † by Edgar Allen Poe and â€Å" A Good Man is Difficult to Find † by Flannery O’Connor, it is easy to detect the writers ‘ efforts at doing fright and sorrow for the reader by the writers ‘ use of common irrational frights within their Hagiographas. We will write a custom essay sample on Causing Fear And Sorrow English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now After a thorough scrutiny of important subdivisions within the texts and an probe on how readers may respond to single characters, one can so compare the texts to derive a better grasp of the attempts submitted by the writers to associate to their audiences of today and long ago. Although it could be argued that these writers ‘ mark audiences were merely readers populating at the clip the narratives were drafted, these narratives continue to bring down eerie feelings on the common individual of today. From his ain words, when discoursing â€Å" The Raven † in an essay, Poe explains his purposes for the reader by saying, â€Å" Now, ne’er losing sight of the object supremeness, or flawlessness, at all points, I asked myself – ‘Of all melancholic subjects, what, harmonizing to the cosmopolitan apprehension of world, is the most melancholic? ‘ Death – was the obvious answer † ( Poe 1846 ) . While decease is arguably non the most cheerless subject soon, one will doubtless witness the attempts Poe endured for the interest of the reader as they comprehend this powerful verse form. As decease is a universally understood construct, he creates a narrative that will elicit a reader ‘s emotions by coercing them to retrieve old experiences or by act uponing them to visualize themselves as the storyteller. By the 2nd stanza of the verse form, Poe brings out the message of decease and sets the plaintive tone of the verse form with the lines, â€Å" From my books cessation of sorrow – sorrow for the lost Lenore – For the rare and beaming maiden whom the angels name Lenore – Nameless here everlastingly more † ( Poe 1016 ) . As one interprets these lines, they imagine a beautiful adult female who has abandoned the talker, or possibly has late passed off. While non straight saying she has died, by proposing her anonymity, Poe pulls at the audience ‘s experience, and makes them inquire if Lenore is now nameless because she has late passed on or if the storyteller is trying to bury her by non leting himself to advert her name any longer, as many in similar state of affairss continue to make. The sorrow of decease continues within the 3rd and 4th poetries. The reader finds that although it is the center of the dark, the talker hears sounds of person knocking at his door, nevertheless as he goes to react to them he discovers nil but darkness outside ( Poe 1016 ) . While the actual actions listed here already intensify the sorrow with an sum of upseting atmosphere, the audience can besides falter upon a nonliteral significance, as though alternatively of a individual strike harding it is really the memory of Lenore trying to come in his head, so rapidly fliting as disconcerting memories frequently do. Since most readers have fought similar conflicts within their ain heads, this subdivision once more battles to take the narrative from the storyteller and attach it to the reader. Traveling on to the 6th and 7th stanzas, the reader stumbles onto uninterrupted tapping. These lines express the tapping is louder and perchance coming from the talker ‘s window ( Poe 1016-1017 ) . The audience is now pulled in two waies as either the tapping is truly go oning and a Corvus corax has really entered into the room, or the memory of Lenore has eventually obtained entryway into the storyteller ‘s head. The two waies both lead the reader to a darkened topographic point as with one, the reader is witnessing an unwelcome animate being within the room, and with the other, the memories the chief character has invariably tried to bury hold begun to thrust ahead into his head and overwhelm him. Within poetries eight through 17, the reader views the storyteller as a adult male in the procedure of traveling huffy, as he begins to talk with the Corvus corax that has entered into the room ( Poe 1017-1018 ) . While the conversation continues, the reader must make up one’s mind whether to believe a bird is really in the room and merely the address is imagined, or if the bird and the conversation are both wholly within the head of the talker, and the lunacy expressed is merely some type of internal spiritual argument on the whereabouts of Lenore. In either instance, the reader ‘s emotions are being manipulated purposefully to show the solitariness and unhappiness one faces when they lose a loved one. In the concluding poetry, the reader is once more pulled in two waies. When Poe writes, â€Å" And the lamp-light o’er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor ; And my psyche from out that shadow that lies drifting on the floor Shall be lifted – nevermore! † ( Poe 1018 ) , he intentionally forces the audience to once more make up one’s mind if the full verse form is some type of internal argument or if the storyteller with has been driven insane and committed self-destruction. As the bulk of readers will hold experienced a loss of person stopping point to them to suicide, or may hold contemplated suicide themselves, they will hold the ability to sympathize with the storyteller, and by making so, will be emotionally invested within the verse form. While â€Å" The Raven † is a really nonreversible narrative where the message of decease is delivered by flashing it invariably to the reader, O’Connor ‘s â€Å" A Good Man is Difficult to Find † takes the attack suggested by G. W. Thomas by making characters people care about and leting atrocious things to go on to them ( Thomas 3 ) . Interestingly, within the first four pages, O’Connor introduces the household members, but merely allows the grandma and the kids to talk, as they are the characters she wants the audience to link with. To to the full appreciate O’Connor ‘s attempt, one must foremost expose the oddities of these specific characters ‘ personalities. The two kids ( John Wesley and June Star ) come off as spoiled, and as if they starred on â€Å" Childs Say the Darndest Things, † they frequently give uneven comments within their conversations. A twosome of illustrations are John Wesley claiming if caught by The Misfit that he would, â€Å" Smack his face † ( O’Connor 447 ) and June Star ‘s response, â€Å" No I surely wouldn’taˆÂ ¦ I would n’t populate in a bedraggled topographic point like this for a million vaulting horses! † ( O’Connor 450 ) , to the adult female at The Tower when she asks June to go her girl. The construct of kids being thankless is evidently non original, but the usage of these kids grants readers something to hate. Furthermore, when the kids are killed by The Misfit ‘s posse at the terminal of the narrative, the audience feels guilt over their abrasiveness of the kids as the decease of kids tends to pique people more than kids misconducting. Beyond the coarse kids, the grandma is the most active character within the narrative, and is invariably trying to pull strings the household to make what she wants. Due to how good O’Connor designed this character, the audience really gets manipulated as good. While the grandma will frequently state something indelicate, the audience rapidly dismisses these comments to her old age and grows closer to her, neglecting to see her mistakes for what they are. This connexion misleads the audience to feeling sorry for the grandma when she is killed, when they should hearten The Misfit for his service to the community. The concluding chief character of the narrative is The Misfit, a inmate who has late escaped prison and leads a group of work forces who finally murder the full household. While a hard-boiled felon is non typically a individual person would openly acknowledge to holding similarities to, O’Connor uses The Misfit ‘s apparently extended yesteryear to make resemblances to the readers. Along with the experiences the audience and The Misfit portion, she grants The Misfit ‘s character with wisdom and a sense of righteousness that the reader appreciates, doing an internal struggle of fright and sorrow when he shoots the grandma at the terminal. By the terminal of the narrative, the reader must make up one’s mind for themselves whether The Misfit is so a â€Å" good adult male † or non. A comparing of the two Hagiographas â€Å" The Raven † and â€Å" A Good Man is Difficult to Find † is hard to do due to the narratives ‘ differences in manner. However, while their methods differ, both Poe ‘s and O’Connor ‘s narratives are able to lure fright and sorrow for their audiences. In â€Å" The Raven, † Poe relies on a great trade of symbolism to make the reader, while in â€Å" A Good Man is Difficult to Find † O’Connor uses well-developed characters to construct connexions to the audience and tortures them through the actions of those characters. Overall, both Poe and O’Connor like an expert navigate the reader ‘s emotions and experiences, doing the reader to contend themselves to happen the messages within the narratives. The end of maintaining an audience from experiencing disinterested in a narrative is a precedence that can merely be accomplished by coercing readers to happen connexions for themselves. With Poe ‘s clever usage of symbolism and O’Connor ‘s investing in character edifice, the two narratives â€Å" The Raven † and â€Å" A Good Man is Difficult to Find † both cause fright and sorrow through the connexions they ‘ve built to the readers. While one may merely read either of these narratives for enjoyment, they can compare the two to derive a better grasp of the writers ‘ attempts, and perchance happen more within the narratives to bask. Plants Sited Poe, Edgar Allen. â€Å" The Philosophy of Composition. † 1846. Graham ‘s Magazine. vol. XXVIII, no. 4 ( 1846 ) :163-167. The Edgar Allen Poe Society of Baltimore. 21 Nov. 2010. Poe, Edgar Allen. â€Å" The Raven. † 1846. Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing. 7th Edition. Eds. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2008. 1016-1018. O’Connor, Flannery. â€Å" A Good Man is Difficult to Find. † Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing. 7th Edition. Eds. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2008. 447-457. Thomas, G.W. â€Å" Scare the heck out of your readers — and other horror-writing tips. † The Writer Apr. 2008: 15. General OneFile. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. How to cite Causing Fear And Sorrow English Literature Essay, Essay examples

Dynamic Pricing Competition Strategic Customers †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Dynamic Pricing Competition Strategic Customers. Answer: Introduction: In order to be successful in a business, it is necessary that an organisation maintain marketing objectives. It has been seen that while marketing goals tend to change based on the situations, the marketing objectives contain similar principles (Hollensen, 2015). In this regard, the four different types of marketing objectives include: Objective based on the profitability that determines the expected income of an organisation based on the strategy used for promotion Objective based on the market share that depends upon the market that is needed to be gained Promotional objective that helps in identifying the level of product and service awareness of an organisation Growth objective that helps to analyse the size of the market and the aim to grow in the future Innovation matrix is used to analyse the capabilities that an organisation possess. Based on the capabilities of the organisation, the innovation matrix is analysed. The innovation matrix of a company is based on the external internal and mixed capabilities of an organisation. According to Armstrong et al., (2015), an organisation cannot rely entirely on the external capabilities. Hence, the innovation matrix helps to analyse the growth of a business organisation. It also calculates the rate of innovation based on the issues that are needed to be tackled by an organisation. Innovation matrix also helps to reduce the risk factors that may threaten the prospect of innovation in a company. The capabilities of an organisation are based on the level of intensity it has on the market. Discussing portfolio analysis Portfolio analysis is considered as a portfolio of an organisation that analyses the products and services in a systematic manner. Most organisations are involved in more than one business. These are termed as the Strategic Business Unit (SBU) of the organisation. Each of these SBUs maintains products and services that help in the growth of a business. The portfolio analysis helps to distinguish between products that need to be emphasized from the products that need to be rejected. Portfolio analysis encourages management to allocate resources and evaluate the objectives of an organisation. It also analyses cash flow availability of an organisation that can help in its growth and expansion. Portfolio analysis is a disciplined as well as an organised way of measuring the asset allocation. Branding often helps organisations in gaining the required publicity. According to Huang and Sarigll (2014), branding helps organisations to convert casual customers into loyal purchasers of a product. It helps in educating customers about the particular brand and creates different mindsets for the customers. It helps in creating the meaning of the brand and provides value to the lives of the people about an individual purchase. Branding also helps to create the powerful emotional connection with the customers. Most customers recognise an organisation based solely on the brand. A proper branding can help in gaining competitive advantage based on the power it holds in the market. Hence, customers tend to remain loyal if the quality of the brand is good. Discussing acronym of SMART Specific: This refers to the specific area that an employee or organisation needs to target. The focus remains on only one objective that needs to be developed on a priority basis. Measurable: In this case, an indicator of progress is suggested. In this regard, an employee or organisation needs to estimate the level of progress that can be measured (Okonkwo, 2016). Achievable: Here the objective needs to be agreed upon. This includes identifying the people that need to be involved while attaining the objective. It also needs to be seen whether the objective set can be attained or not. Relevant: This identifies the relevant or realistic solutions that may be achieved after successfully attaining the objective. The available resources that an organisation possesses are analysed in order to get the relevant results. Timely: This implies the time required to achieve the result. This is done after proper analysis of the resources and capabilities of the employees as well as the organisation. Discussing reasons for tension between short-term and long-term objectives Misaligned goals may lead to the cause of tension between short-term as well as long-term goals. This is mainly because of the fact that the long-term goals may get miscommunicated due to the focus being more on short-term goals. Apart from this ineffective management system may also lead to the failure of maintaining both goals. This is because the required resources and capabilities for achieving the goals are different. Hence, it is necessary to implement operating principles that can help in guiding the decisions and develop a proper structure in the organisation. Madsen Walker (2015) stated that balance scorecard approach is considered as a performance matrix that is used by strategic management in order to improve as well as maintain the internal functions that exist in an organisation. The main purpose of this approach is to provide feedback to organisations. It identifies four key functional areas that need to be analysed in order to ensure stability in an organisation. It is also used to achieve objectives, measurements and initiate goals that arise from the business processes, customers, growth and finance. These are also considered as the four pillars of the organisation that define its success. Implementation of strategies can also be done using the balanced scorecard approach. Product differentiation refers to the distinction between different products and services based on the quality, type of service, target market and the power it has to attract customers. The product differentiation strategy helps an organisation to make the products unique from one another. It provides an organisation with an opportunity to outwit its competitors. The competitive advantage of a company is sometimes based on the uniqueness of the product. This is because most industries are involved that manufactures similar products. Hence, it is necessary for organisations to manufacture products that are different from its competitors. According to Keller Kotler (2016), customers tend to prefer different products so that different things can be taken into consideration. Hence, this strategy is important in order to make the products unique in every manner. Explaining two common sources of differentiation Two different sources of differentiation involve the cost and product differentiation. The cost differentiation involves the difference in costs of two similar products. On most occasions, it is seen that the similar products have fluctuating costs. This is mainly because of the quality of the product, brand and the demand for the product from that particular company. Sometimes this also prevails in order to attain a competitive advantage over its rivals. The product differentiation involves the quality of the products and the methods used to manufacture it. The process of making the product presentable to the public also causes differentiation among the customers. Both these sources help an organisation to plan the qualities and cost of the product after analysing the market thoroughly and identifying the strategies of the competitors. One of the biggest disadvantages of product differentiation is maintaining the cost of the product. As observed by Bresler Lubbe (2014) companies invest a heavy amount in order to manufacture a product. Hence, the cost of which the product is being sold needs to be makeup for the costs incurred for the product. However, in order to gain a competitive advantage in the market organisations need to lower the price of the product. Another disadvantage is the fact that loss of customers may is another threat from product differentiation. This is because, in order to maintain differentiation of product, organisations tend to lower the price or make it higher. Thus, most people cannot afford to purchase the high priced product due to financial instability. Apart from this, people also prefer to purchase same product at a low cost. Explaining concept of competitive advantage Competitive advantage refers to a situation wherein a company is placed in a favourable position than its competitors. Competitive advantage can be obtained by maintaining proper strategies that help in understanding the requirements of the market. Some of the factors that lead to attaining competitive advantage include the cost of a product, brand and quality of products along with the support of the customers. These factors are taken into consideration while formulating strategies. Competitive advantage can be derived from the economies of scale and the demographic factors that may involve the strategic positioning of a company (Jooste Strydom, 2014). After viewing the marketing plan of 7-Eleven, it can be said that the objectives of the company are to ensure that the customers are satisfied. The satisfaction of the customers needs to be done by analysing the market and identifying the needs and preferences of the customers. According to Foxall (2014), analysis of the current situation can help in 7-Eleven to formulate the objectives in a proper manner. In this case, the situation in the market of 7-Eleven consists of identifying the immediate threat to the business. As per Campelo (2017), products and service quality of a company helps it to remain competitive in the market. 7-Eleven manufactures Slurpee beverages, big gulp beverage cup, gasoline, coffee, candy and other food items. The characteristic of the products is similar to other companies in the industry manufacturing edible items. The company provides online delivery services and promotional services for the launch of new products in the market. The current promotional activities that are the company uses are the advertising media. It has been seen that 7-Eleven invests more in the advertising of the product via television and print media (Brander Spencer 2015). This is an effective media promotion as the company aims to reach the target market in a broader manner. Thus, the current promotional activity of the company is useful for the company in order to fulfil the marketing objectives. Current pricing strategies The current pricing strategy of the company is to minimise the cost of the product. Liu Zhang (2013) stated that the company faces threat from similar beverage industry as well as food retail companies. Hence, it is necessary that the company minimises the cost of the products. This may lead to the loss if the company does not provide coupons along with the products. Hence, the minimising pricing strategy can help 7-Eleven to maintain a stable competition in the market. The distribution of the products to the customers is directly from the company. The company is a retail store that provides customers to shop by visiting the stores. Apart from this, application of online shopping method is also available. Wagner Hollenbeck (2014) stated that in the age of technology, online shopping is the most preferred mode of shopping. Hence, direct approach to the customers can help 7-Eleven to understand the needs of the customers. Thus, the distribution strategy adopted by the company is useful for gaining customer loyalty. In order to execute the strategies set up in the marketing plan, it is necessary that the employees, as well as the manager of 7-Eleven, understand the roles and responsibilities (Laszlo Zhexembayeva, 2017). The role of the employees is to abide by the rules and guidelines of the company. The managers, need to encourage the employees in terms of increasing the efficiency and motivate them to achieve the organisational goals. Developing communication plan Audience Message Media or vehicle Frequency Timing Responsibility Activities Employees Help in attaining marketing objectives Meeting with the employees Yearly during setting up of goals TBA Manager The activities that will be undertaken include motivation of the employees. It will also contain benchmark of the products manufactured by other companies. The meeting will demonstrate the ways to execute plans in order to meet the objectives. Table: Communication plan (Source: Created by author) Conducting a PESTEL analysis The political situation in Australia is transparent in the case of permitting organisations to set up business. Therefore, a company like 7-Eleven can fit in the Australian business market without any resistance from the Government. The economic situation fluctuates owing to the changes in the rate of a dollar in the country. A company like 7-Eleven need to analyse the factors that affect the market. As observed by Hoberg Phillips (2016) the social and technological factors in the country are updated and most people rely on the improvement of the conditions of the community. The social factors include the life style of the people. It has been seen that the people in the urban regions of the country has had a high level of exposure to technology. This can be considered as a huge advantage for the company as it is looking for improvement in the retail business market. However, the legal factors are strict, as the Australian legal system set up several laws and legislation that may cause hindrance to the business. The basic laws such as the employment law, safety and security and so on exist in order to help the business formulate policies in the business. In this regard, 7-Eleven needs to take into consideration the environmental safety of the country (West, Ford Ibrahim, 2015). The company manufactures beverages, gasoline and dairy products, the wastes of which needs to be dumped at a proper place safe from the society. Analysing impact of marketing conditions Based on the PESTEL analysis, it can be said that 7-Eleven needs to be more sustainable in the manufacturing of the products. This is required in order to ensure that the Australian environment is protected from any types of wastes that are caused by the company. The company also aims at improving customer relationship and aims to provide the best quality of beverages at a low cost in the country. The fact that the company provides free Slurpee to the customers is also an indication about the manner in which the company take care of its customers. Thus, after the completion of the PESTEL analysis, it can be said that 7-Eleven needs to make minor changes in the company in order to survive in the Australian market. The marketing plan of 7-Eleven can be analysed based on the sales data of the company. It has been seen that as compared to the past two years, the sales of 7-Eleven have raised by 7%. The profit from sales made by the company in the past year is about $682.6 million. The company aims to open stores in Western Australia and target customers based on the tastes and preferences of the society. The marketing expenses budget indicates a significant increase in the advertisement of the product (Refer to appendix for marketing expense). Analysing current marketing performance As observed by Punjaisri Wilson (2017), the current market performance of 7-Eleven has been on the rise. This is because the organisation has witnessed a considerable amount of profit in the current year. The profit has mainly been based on the proper advertising of the product. With the opening of new stores in the country, 7-Eleven aims at improving the revenue of the company. Hence, it can be said that the marketing performance of 7-Eleven has been venturous as the company takes up new challenges in its improvement. Despite the rise in competition, the company have witnessed significant growth in the food market of the country. After the analysis of the marketing plan it can be said that the marketing plan of 7-Eleven have seen profits made by the company. As compared to the profits earned last year, the 7% increase has resulted mainly based on the improvement in the advertising of the company. However, an area of improvement that needs to be made is in the training and development of the employees (Govers Go, 2016). With the improvement in technical expertise it is necessary that the company train the employees in terms of using these equipments. 7-Eleven needs to invest more in the training of the employees. The company needs to provide on-the-job training in order to gain profit as well teach employees about the ways to perform the work. Conclusion Thus, after the analysis of the report it can be concluded that 7-Eleven needs to utilise all the elements of the marketing mix in order to ensure that it gets good exposure to business. Conducting a proper PESTEL analysis can help the company to identify the required changes that need to be made in order to survive in the retail business of Australia. The increase in advertisement of the company can have helped it to gain a proper reputation in the market. Reference Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R. (2015).Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Brander, J. A., Spencer, B. J. (2015). Intra-industry trade with Bertrand and Cournot oligopoly: The role of endogenous horizontal product differentiation.Research in Economics,69(2), 157-165. Bresler, M., Lubbe, I. (2014). Marketing management. Routeledge Campelo, A. (Ed.). (2017).Handbook on Place Branding and Marketing. Edward Elgar Publishing. Foxall, G. (2014).Strategic Marketing Management (RLE Marketing)(Vol. 3). Routledge. Govers, R., Go, F. (2016).Place branding: Glocal, virtual and physical identities, constructed, imagined and experienced. Springer. Hoberg, G., Phillips, G. (2016). Text-based network industries and endogenous product differentiation.Journal of Political Economy,124(5), 1423-1465. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Huang, R., Sarigll, E. (2014). How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. InFashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors(pp. 113-132). Springer New York. Jooste, C., Strydom, J. W. (2014). Marketing management. Routeledge Keller, K. L., Kotler, P. (2016).Marketing management. Pearson. Laszlo, C., Zhexembayeva, N. (2017).Embedded sustainability: The next big competitive advantage. Routledge. Liu, Q., Zhang, D. (2013). Dynamic pricing competition with strategic customers under vertical product differentiation.Management Science,59(1), 84-101. Madsen, T. L., Walker, G. (2015).Modern competitive strategy. McGraw Hill. Okonkwo, U. (2016).Luxury fashion branding: trends, tactics, techniques. Springer. Punjaisri, K., Wilson, A. (2017). The role of internal branding in the delivery of employee brand promise. InAdvances in Corporate Branding(pp. 91-108). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Wagner III, J. A., Hollenbeck, J. R. (2014).Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge. West, D. C., Ford, J., Ibrahim, E. (2015).Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press, USA.

Political Leadership and Organization

Introduction Leadership is a vital component in every society. It defines the values, goals, and objectives of people in the society. Effective leadership not only defines these elements, but also determines how they are achieved. The success of the political leadership and organization emanate from the leadership style of the leader.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Political Leadership and Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, to ensure success of political leadership, it is important to work with good leaders who are focused on positive results. Good leadership depends on the leader’s individual qualities or character (Crick 23). Based on these assertions, this study will take a comparative stance by analyzing the good leaders, in particular Bill Clinton and John Kennedy. The characteristics of a bad leader will also be examined. In this comparison, the study will compare the New York Mayor Mr. Michael Bloomberg and the Toronto Mayor Mr. Rob Ford. Hypothesis Political leadership and organization require the leader to exhibit exemplary characters of charisma, good interpersonal skills, results orientation and good problem solving skills (Wren 132). The personal qualities of a potential leader determine the outcome for the whole nation, so superior intelligence and education are a must. It is crucial that the person is respectable, reliable and just. Since the market and economy greatly influence the outcome of the leader’s plans and goals it is their direct responsibility to predict any fluctuations and prevent loss of stability and control. This study will look at the relationship between a leader’s character and the success of the leadership style. Empirical/ Theoretical gap Political leadership and organization are among the most interesting topics that have attracted attention of various researchers and authors. Every leader faces a theo retical gap in relation to the practical control and functioning of a nation, and the knowledge or empirical understanding that was gained prior to becoming a member of the office. When an individual starts running for presidency or other leadership position, they will mobilize the resources and the political processes that are necessary for taking charge. Often, the internal politics are not as clear cut before the person gets the position in the government. As such, they must become aware of the current matters regarding the economy and policies that need to be changed or added.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Every good leader has the ability to organize and mobilize forces that are directed towards the greater good of the nation. Sometimes, before the leader is selected, a candidate will make promises that sound fair, but the reality is somewhat skewed, as many d etails are still unknown. As a result, the gap between theory and practice gets overlooked. This leads to promises that are broken, and a change in policies that was over optimistic beforehand. This is why foresight and empirical knowledge should be balanced with practice. Mr. Bill Clinton William Jefferson Blythe III (Bill Clinton) was one of the youngest presidents in America. The leader was elected to the office of the president as the 42nd president of the United States of America. Bill Clinton was also among the first Democratic presidents who managed to serve two terms in the office. Clinton attended Edmund Walsh School and Georgetown University where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree (Morris 100). There are several factors that make Bill Clinton a good leader who has ever ruled the U.S. Apart from being a charismatic and influential individual, the leader is mainly remembered for significant contributions to the development of the country. Contribution Bill Clint on was of one of the American presidents who managed to reduce the deficits in the federal budget and the economic recovery. The economic team appointed by the president played an important role in reducing the government expenditure and proper use of public resources. On the political front, Clinton facilitated the change process in the Democratic Party by ensuring that the party was open to many Americans from various dimensions of social life. The leader changed the party to accommodate the needs of minorities and other groups in the country. During Clinton’s reign, the Democratic Party played an important role in protecting the disadvantaged groups and stimulated economic development through government initiatives (Morris 112).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Political Leadership and Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Before his life in politics, Bill Clinton served in various lead ership capacities. This therefore indicates that Clinton was born with leadership qualities. He became the student leader of Georgetown University and was also the leader of the music band in college. Clinton was also involved in humanitarian initiatives displaying his leadership skills which made him an effective member. For instance, his reforms in the health sector were aimed at improving accessibility and quality of health care. He received higher ratings from the members of the public due to his charisma and concerted efforts to fight the spread of HIV/AIDS, as well as environmental problems such as global warming. Mr. John Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the 35th President of the United States of America. His accession to power was marked by contention when he narrowly defeated the Republican candidate Mr. Richard Nixon. He served from 1961 to 1963 when he was assassinated during a public rally. Prior to his political career, John Kennedy was a leader in various capacities especially in the military. His participation in the navy earned him recognition and awards for exemplary service. John Kennedy was a brilliant naval officer who is remembered for successfully leading his combat in Panama. In the navy, he rose to the ranks of a lieutenant and was in charge of a patrol board that toured the Pacific theater. Kennedy became a hero in the military sector when he saved the lives of his fellow naval officers when their boat capsized (Alford Newman 49). Contribution Comparing the achievement of the two leaders it is evident that John Kennedy’s achievements delved on a diverse range of issues in America. Clinton’s main achievement was based on economic improvement through reduced federal deficits. He also improved the education sector through adoption and enactment of various policies. John Kennedy on the other hand had achieved that touched on various aspects of life (Crick 110). Most Americans believe that John Kennedy was one of the most successful presidents that ever ruled America. It was during his reign that America managed to land on the moon. It was also through John Kennedy that America was able to overcome the invasion of Cuba and the Soviet Union.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The president also played an important role in ending racial segregation in various transport facilities and social institutions such as schools. Kennedy’s initiative to establish the Peace Corps program placed him in a position of great leaders. These achievements therefore tend to surpass the achievements that were attained by President Bill Clinton (Wren 121). Mr. Michael Bloomberg Mr. Michael Bloomberg is the one of the longest serving mayors of New York. Elected in the year 2001, Mr. Bloomberg greatly contributed to the development of the city in various aspects. He started his career at Salmon Brothers. However, he was laid off when the company was sold to another organization. After retrenchment, Mr. Bloomberg started his own company that offered business information and data management services to other organizations in New York (Bloomberg 23). Mr. Michael Bloomberg resigned from Bloomberg L.P. and joined politics in the year 2000. He decamped from the Democratic Part y to contest for the mayoral post on a Republican ticket. Contribution The mayor played an important role in transforming New York after the attacks of 2001. When he resumed office in the year 2001, the mayor introduced different policies that enhanced the performance of various sectors. For instance, in the year 2002, graduation from high school increased by more than 26%, crime rate decreased by 35%, and welfare rolls declined by more than 22%. The mayor also played an important role in reducing other social problems such teen smoking and alcohol abuse among the youths. Mr. Bloomberg was one of the mayors of New York who facilitated economic growth and the creation of new job opportunities for the youths (Crick 76). One of the key achievements that enabled the mayor to earn higher ratings from the public was his concerted effort to transform the education system. Bloomberg introduced new education policies, which improved the quality of education and rate of enrollment. Bloomberg is one of the most philanthropic individuals in the U.S. The mayor has participated in several charity programs, and has donated his time and resources to various community based initiatives. Before politics, Mr. Michael Bloomberg was a great business leader in various organizations. He led the financial and equity department of Salmon Brothers and later became the chief executive officer and chairman of Bloomberg P.L (Bloomberg 23). Mr. Rob Ford Robert Bruce Ford joined politics in the year 2000 when he was elected the councilor to represent Etobicoke Ward in Toronto. Ford was first elected to the mayoral seat in the year 2010. Mr. Rob Ford has been overwhelmed by his personal escapades, which have greatly comprised his leadership qualities. Mr. Rob Ford has been accused of mismanaging public funds, conflict of interests, and drug abuse (Goddard 2011). Before Rob Ford rose in politics, he had served in various leadership positions, especially in the business sector. The mayor had s erved as the director of the Ford Family Company before he was elected to mayoral positions (Wren 210). As such, even though he had experience as leader, and accomplished some changes for the city, his personal life became too detrimental to the office. Every leader must realize that they are constantly watched by the public, and their professionalism in public life and governmental positions must be aided by their personal life. Contribution As a leader, Ford has played an important role in ensuring that Toronto remains one of the safest cities with free health care programs. However, his critics believe that he has contributed to the collapse of the city council in Toronto. Mr. Ford has been blamed for mismanagement of funds. Compared to the New York Mayor, Mr. Ford was not focused on development, and did not implement change to policies and administration. Benefits of Comparison From the comparison of the various leaders discussed in this study, it is evident that leadership tran scends from the character of the individual. Comparison of political leaders also reveals how various leaders affect the growth and development in the society. From the comparison of Bill Clinton and John Kennedy it is evident that Clinton introduced economic policies, which transformed the federal budgeting and expenditure. Kennedy, on the other hand, played an important role in protecting the country against foreign invasion. Comparison of various leaders is important in expanding the knowledge on the topic of leadership and organization. It is also used in learning the various leadership styles that are used by the leaders (Creswell 189). Methodology and Data The research method employed in this study was qualitative. The researcher mainly relied on secondary and primary sources of data which provided reliable information on the topic. The researcher collected data by interviewing respondents who worked in government offices and other social institutions such as schools (Creswell 240). The researcher visited the respondents in the areas and managed to collect data by accessing relevant materials on the topic. To get information about the two mayors the researcher interviewed the city council officials from New York and Toronto. Results The researcher used a population sample of 25 respondents who were interviewed from various government offices and the city council departments. The following elements were considered for evaluation of leadership qualities. Leadership attributes Score (Good) Score (Bad) Good management skills 72% 28% Good Interpersonal skills 90% 10% Development Oriented 81% 19% Control over personal matters 70% 30% From the above table, good or great leaders scored higher marks on the above mentioned attributes. For instance, the respondents believed that all the leaders from Bill Clinton, John Kennedy, Michael Bloomberg, and, Rob Ford had good management skills. The other important element was the control over personal issues. The respondents believed that a good leader should have control over their private life. Uncertainty surrounding the results mainly emanate from the lack of accuracy of the information provided by the respondents during the interview. Everybody’s view is rather subjective, and might be based on understanding and information from other people. As such, only practical results can be properly evaluated. Conclusion Political organization and leadership are important areas of study which enable individuals to learn how organizations and regions are governed. Good leadership contributes to the development and growth of a given region in various aspects. However, the success of a leader depends on the leader’s personal characters and the leadership style used in influencing issues, such as management of public resources and other important political and economic matters of the nation. Shortcomings The short comings associated with this study mainly stemmed from the research method employed by the researcher and respondents who were interviewed. Also, situational or environmental factors must be taken into consideration, as the difference between pre-election times might be greater when compared to the leader who has already been elected. It is critical to base theory and practice on realistic conditions and empirical knowledge. Normative Implications Political leaders should uphold responsibility for issues that affect the society, and ensure individual discipline in the public domain. The amount of work that the leader has is a lot for one individual, so uniting the efforts in the fight for common goal must also be present. Considering all the qualities of a leader it is possible to see that the disadvantages must be minimal, if not non-existent at all. The leader can focus all attention on promoting policies and regulations that are promised to the people, leaving the minor organization and support to the party members. Personal life is closely conne cted to the position of the leader, so it must be kept proper and respectful. Works Cited Alford, Mimi Newman, Judith. Once upon a secret: My Affair with President John F. Kennedy and its Aftermath. London: Hutchinson, 2011. Print. Bloomberg, Michael. Bloomberg by Bloomberg. New York: John Wiley, 1997. Print. Creswell, John. Qualitative inquiry and research design. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2009. Print. Crick, Bernard. In defense of politics. London: Continuum, 2000. Print. Goddard, John. â€Å"Doug Ford, Athlete, business leader, MPP†. Toronto Star 22 August. 2011. Print. Morris, Roger. Partners in Power: The Clintons and Their America. Washington: Regnery Publishing, 1995. Print. Wren, Thomas. Inventing leadership: The challenge of democracy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2010. Print. This research paper on Political Leadership and Organization was written and submitted by user Silas Richards to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Analyse Conan Doyles The Hound of the Baskervilles Essay Example

Analyse Conan Doyles The Hound of the Baskervilles Essay Example Analyse Conan Doyles The Hound of the Baskervilles Paper Analyse Conan Doyles The Hound of the Baskervilles Paper Essay Topic: The Hound of the Baskervilles Analyse Conan Doyles The Hound of the Baskervilles exploring how the author uses the devices of detective fiction within the novel to create suspense and mystery. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is one of the most famous writers of detective fiction and the creator of the brilliant characters Sherlock Holmes and his right-hand man Dr. Watson, Sherlock Homes being one of the best known detectives. Conan Doyle, the son of a civil servant was born in Edinburgh in 1859. Later he studied for his degree in medicine and then in 1885 after graduating he decided to set up as a doctor. In order to fill in quiet moments at work he decided to write detective stories. A Study in Scarlet which appeared in1887, introduced the detective Sherlock Holmes, whose appearances in several other stories made him and his character household names. Conan Doyles use of complex and ingenious plots, keeps the reader interested and creates suspense and mystery, which suggests that Conan Doyle may be responsible for some features of the detective fiction genre. The way in which Conan Doyle portrays Sherlock Holmes as being an arrogant man with a high intellect who uses his own deductive methods and elementary approach, also suggests that Conan Doyle may be responsible for some features of the genre. The book The Hound of the Baskervilles (THOTB) was published in 1902 which is reflected in the novel as we get a wonderful sense of late Victorian England. A point which we must not forget is that THOTB is based upon the legend of the hell hound in Black Shuck, on the North Norfolk coast. According to the legend the hell hound roamed the coast of North Norfolk and scared people to death. However Conan Doyle moved the setting of his novel THOTB to Devonshire so that he could create the story of THOTB. He may have also thought that Devons desolate moorland, could make the novel more exciting and create a greater sense of suspense and mystery for the reader. To find out how Conan Doyle uses the devices of detective fiction to create suspense and mystery in THOTB, it is necessary to examine THOTB to see whether he uses the devices of detective fiction and to what extent he uses them. One of the main features of the detective fiction genre is the use of the device of in media res, meaning in the middle of things. This is evident in the novel from the start. Generally most stories of the genre start in the middle of the action. This is when the crime has already been committed and it is just a question of who dunnit? . THOTB is introduced in this way when Dr. Mortimer goes to Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson with the case of the mysterious death of Sir Charles Baskerville outside his Devonshire home of Baskerville Hall. The reason why Dr. Mortimer comes to Sherlock Holmes with the case, is because he was a close friend of Sir Charles and he wants the mystery to be solved before the heir to the hall Sir Henry arrives from America. Firstly Dr. Mortimer reads a document to Sherlock Holmes about .. The origin of the hound of the Baskervilles. According to the legend the family has been cursed by a foul thing, a great, black beast, shaped like a hound, ever since the evil great ancestor Sir Hugo Baskerville had occupied the hall. The legend states that he was a malicious, greedy man who treated people very badly and then one night he crossed the moor chasing a maiden, but instead he was viscously murdered by a hound. Ever since then all the Baskervilles have been cursed and die in mysterious ways.

Discussion Question 14 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Question 14 - Essay Example I will ensure that every patient is cared for, and all their needs are addressed in time. As an action oriented nurse, I will strive to keep abreast of information and research in order to meet daily and emerging challenges. I will always show respect to my colleagues and most of all my seniors as a sign of diligence to my nursing career. I will adopt collaborative practice where I will strive to integrate my fellow members in research, studies, learning and practice. Collaborative practice is paramount in extending unity and consistency in decision making in a health care facility (Bankston & Glazer, 2013). Furthermore, collaborative practice will help achieve the set goals, such as meeting the patient’s needs. Over and above, being action oriented and professional will enable me to strengthen and empower the health care industry through addressing health inequalities and helping increase access to health care

Impact National Culture on Leadership Traits and Behaviors Essay

Impact National Culture on Leadership Traits and Behaviors - Essay Example The following are the leadership traits and behaviors that may negatively impact organizational effectiveness in multinational companies: dictatorial, non-cooperative, non-explicit, irritable, egocentric, cruel/ruthless and loner. A dictatorial leader imposes strict commands and orders without leaving any space for dialogue or understanding (Hofstede, 2011). A non-cooperative leader is one who does not show elements of teamwork or support in the company activities. A non-explicit leader is not open but prefers carrying out his or her roles confidentially (Hofstede, 2011). He or she prefers when everything is kept back from the rest of the members, especially subordinates. Irritable leaders are short-tempered and are associated with recurrent instances of disputes and unreasonable ways of thinking. According to Hofstede (2011), egocentric leaders are careless of the feelings of others and are associated with self-centered and insensitive decisions, which leave other people socially hu rt and distressed. Cruel/ruthless leaders are unpleasant and unkind management groups who lead others mercilessly and at times brutally. A loner is a leader who prefers being secluded from the rest of the members. Additionally, loners mostly fail to associate with others (Hofstede, 2011). Yes, I believe that multinational managers must understand the subordinate expectations in order to lead effectively. Subordinate expectations are â€Å"expectations regarding what leaders â€Å"should† do and what they may or may not do† (Cullen & Parboteeah (2014, p. 663). Therefore, understanding subordinate expectations help in delivering exactly what is required in a multinational company. For a country with high power distance, I would recommend an autocratic leadership. High power distance countries are associated with dominant individualism and human rights.  Ã‚  

Sandro Botticelli biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sandro Botticelli biography - Essay Example This can be seen in his first commission 'Fortitude' (1470), painted for the Merchants Guild in Florence. Despite this description of his painting style, he nevertheless produced strong images with an excellent attention to detail and good use of perspective though unlike many of that time he did not really concern himself with working out the exact details of either perspective or anatomy for that matter. This indifference with anatomy is one of the ways in which Bottacelli manages to produce the serene quality in many of figures in his paintings. Through the influence of Verocchio and the brothers Pollajuoli this idealism was combined with the naturalness of Masaccio. These qualities explain Botticelli's great influence over later painters. Botticelli's life was a retired one passed largely in very modest circumstances. We know, however that he was in the employ of the Medici and other prominent Florentine families from about 1483 to 1500. Although never inclined to frivolity he was yet influence by the worldly spirit of the age until Savonarola's powerful call to repentance aroused his moral nature and guided his powers, it now seems, into entirely new paths. He never knew how to take care of money and he died at last in need. Botticelli was too unassuming to sign and date his works in most instances, so that the order in time of his paintings has to be judged from the canvasses themselves. In 1470 Sandro started own workshop. Five years later, he painted the portrait (National Gallery, Washington) of Giuliano de' Medici, b rother of Lorenzo. In about 1478, Sandro, now in the favor of the Medici family, painted the enigmatic "Primavera (Spring)" (Uffizi, Florence). The work was commissioned by Lorenzo, son of Pierfrancesco de' Medici, a tormented and neurotic young man. The painting of "Primavera"- like "La Nascita di Venere (The Birth of Venus)" - was placed inside the Villa di Castello where Lorenzino lived. From this painting, a number of art historians have derived the iconography of the Florentine culture of Botticelli's day. Agnolo Poliziano, poet and tutor of Lorenzo de' Medici's sons (including Giovanni, future Pope Clemente X), with his lyric poems in which the wind teases nymphs in Arcadian woods, would appear to be the textual reference for Botticelli's mythology (Vasari 44). Other famous works by Botticelli include "Pallas and the Centaur", "Venus and Mars", and "The Birth of Venus". The figures certainly do not enact a known myth but rather are used allegorically to illustrate various aspe cts of love: in "Pallas," the subjugation of male lust by female chastity; in "Venus and Mars," a celebration of woman's calm triumph after man's sexual exhaustion; and in "The Birth of Venus," the birth of love in the world (Levey 103, 111). Whilst working for the Medici certainly conferred many rewards they were nevertheless a dangerous family to be round. The Renaissance, however, is not called that for nothing and along side the wars, killings and double dealings that punctuated that period was a real sense of a rebirth of ideas, science, art and philosophical thought. Key to this in Florence was the rediscovery of the philosophy of Plato, Aristotle, and Pythagoras, which fused together with some elements of eastern mysticism. This new philosophical ideal became known as Neoplatonism, which saw love, beauty,

Robots in Society and the Future

Robots in Society and the Future It is a very true slogan from Adidas brand, Nothing is Impossible. Humans abilities are limited, and that is why robots are created. Have you ever imagine that, when you wake up in the morning, once you open up your eyes, everything that is in your mind such as breakfast, office wear, slippers and even more have already being prepared by your robot-slave. You do not have to do anything; all you have to do is, sit and wait! You just have to sit on your bed and wait for your robot to serve you, arent your life will be easier and wonderful? From this, we can see that how amazing it could be with the existence of robots. May be in the future, they are only our trusted friends. The unstoppable improvements of modern technologies, in the same line, robots are introduced into various fields to assist the humans reckless abilities to improve their live. They have been widely used in industrial sector and also for personal use. The creation of robots is not only to assist us, but they give us good opportunities to be our substitute for exploration and experiment the new risky things that human had never dare to try but hunger to achieve. Our purpose of this report is to find out the kinds of robots that have been introduced into our life and the future robots. Our objectives are to find out: What are robots? Why do they exist? How do robots exist? What can they do? How far they can do? What are the side effects for human if they are over-populated? What is in humans expectation on future robots? 2.0 Findings and Discussion 2.1 What are robots? 2.1.1 Brief History of Robot When we said robots, we all feel that it was just only been made in this modern era. Actually the first creation of robot has been made centuries ago. The famous Leonardo da Vinci is also among all the creators who are involve in the creation and innovation of robots. The basic principles that motivate people to create the robots are to bring the advantages to mankind. First of all, the creations of robot begin with simple concept, with look like human, and then it can move. Through the evolution in times, the robots now are involving, now it can walk, talk, and behave like humans. The improvement of robots will never end, but now we can start to imagine how far robots will become in future. 2.1.2 Concept of Robot Isaac Asimov (January 2, 1920 April 6, 1992)Generally, in all humans thoughts, robots are human-like machines that have heads and limbs, move and talk like human, either with or without their own thoughts and can be fully automatic, or partially otherwise completely controlled by human. However in the world of reality, the basic concept of a robot is: a machine which is programmed to move and perform multitude tasks automatically, or may be partially controlled by human. It does not mean that robots must be built mimic to human, in fact they can be in any forms and shapes with different appearances as long as they meet the basic concept. According to a popular science fiction author, Isaac Asimov [1], he came out with 3 basic laws for robots, which they called it call Asimovs Three Laws of Robotics: Robots must never harm human beings. Robots must follow instructions from human without violating rule 1. Robots must protect themselves without violating the other rules. 2.1.3 Classification of Robots With the indefinite intelligence of human, robots have been invented in different kinds and ways, performing myriad tasks and jobs. The following are the basic classifications [2] for different robots: Tele-robots Tele-robots are robots that need to be direct operated by human beings through remote control sytem. The best example will be the toy robots for kids, where these entertainment robots are needed to be guided by human to move, turn, or carry out tasks. Telepresence Robots The manipulations for telepresence robots are much similar to the Tele-robots above. The different is that telepresence robots will send back video, sound and other data to make the operator to feel more like they are in the robots. These robots are suitable to be used in exploration field, especially when the targeted exploration area is not accessible for human. Static Robots They are robots which are not movable from places to places. They are fixed permanently on one physical location to perform their tasks using only a part of their movable components. Static robots have been widely used, such as robotic arms, in factories and laboratories to handle hazardous materials and chemicals. In Malaysia, static robots or robotic arms can be seen in car manufacturing factories. Mobile/Autonomous Robots These robots navigate and perform their chores and duties without the intervention of human. They have been created to have high intelligence to deal with any environments such as on land, sky and even underwater. These robots are normally wheeled, or with wings, propeller and etc, depending on their uses. Aerial mobile robots are referred to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) which have been used by countries with advanced technologies for military purposes. For underwater mobile robots, they are usually called Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and are used in sea exploration, military and commercial purposes. Androids Androids, which can also being called as Humanoid Robots, are being built to mimic human. They will have basic structures of human including head, body, hands and legs. Some of them have been installed with devices to produce sound or talk like human. 2.2 Why do they exist? As we all know, humans abilities are limited. Thus, we need something to fulfil our incompleteness and we have chosen the robots to do that for us. This can be clearly described when we use robots to carry and move heavy objects in our daily life. Land mine detectorOr, in the condition that risky jobs involve which may sacrifice the priceless life of human being, it will be wise to use robots as to replace the jobs for us to avoid any unnecessary sacrificing. Exploration for mines, space and underwater are example of highly dangerous tasks and these places are almost impossible for human to access. Sacrificing robots which can be valued in money is a much more intelligent act instead of sending the humans priceless souls to the path of death. In addition, assistance from robots arms for handling hazardous and acidic chemicals can also be widely used in laboratories to take the place of humans arms. Autonomous robot cleanerAnother main reason for the existence of robots is because of the demand of human to enjoy ease and comfort in their life. Everyone in this world is demanding to live in the best and easiest way in their life, without the need to do anything and waits to be served, in another words, the laziness of human beings caused the existence of robots. Example, there are robots being invented to clean and vacuum the house. Apparently, human in the world today are so lazy until they do not wish to do the household chores by themselves. Although this statement is not fair, but yet this is one of the very true facts. For workaholics, these robots are perfect in sharing responsibilities of household chores. 2.3 How do they exist? 2.3.1 Components of Robots For the basic layout of the generalised robots which are mostly correspond to animal, or even a human, are being made up with these components: The Brain Just as humans brain, it is the main system that operates a robot. It is a microprocessor which functions like a computer. Specialised programs are installed so that they can move without the controls of human. The Eyes There are made up from camera, sensor, ranging sonar and etc. There are used for navigating the robots movement, capture and recording the images of its surrounding, and estimate the range of its movement towards any objects or destination. There are also sensors that can help the robots to avoid from obstacles while moving. The Ears Some robots have been invented with sound recognition features. So, these robots require ears. Basically, the ears of these robots are also made up from sensors to detect sound waves and they are to be sent to microprocessor for detailed analysis. Communication System Communication between robots and human are greatly important. Besides receiving commands and orders from their owner, it is also generally important for the robots to tell their owners when something goes wrong. These communication systems can be in form of sound alarms or lights to grab the attentions of their owners. In order to transmit the sound or light, they need components like data, video or sound transmitters. Muscles It is the main component for the robots to move their limbs and carry out tasks. The limbs are commonly operated by electricity. In this case, the electricity functions as the muscles. However, some robots have been designed and created to do heavy duties like carrying heavy objects. Thus, electricity will be substituted with hydraulic technology or pneumatic technology. Limbs They can be as usual as humans hands and legs, fingers and toes. But in some situations, hands and legs are not that suitable to be used. Hence, the limbs of these robots are also available in wheels, tires, track rollers, propellers and etc. 2.3.2 Technologies Involved 2.3.2.1 Sensor Technologies A  sensor is a device, which is use to senses the objects and the surrounding. There are many kinds of applications for sensors which most people are never aware. Applications include cars, machines, aerospace, medicine, manufacturing and robotics. Sensors are the sensory system for robots, are much like humans 5 senses: sight, touch, smell, hearing, and taste. The robots sensors sense the environmental like touch, distance, light, sound, strain, rotation, magnetism, smell, temperature, inclination, pressure, or altitude. Then it provides the data that must be processed to provide information to allow the robot to respond. Robots are equipped with sensors so they can have an understanding of their surrounding environment and make changes in their behavior. The following are the common sensors used in robots [3]: Rotation Sensors They are used to measure the angle of a robotic arm, or how far a mobile robots wheel has turned. Global Positioning Systems Global Positioning Systems (GPS) receive signals from orbiting satellites that pinpoint the location of an outdoor robot on the Earth. Laser range Finder Laser range finders use laser beams to measure the distance to objects. They are used for obstacle detection and navigation. Computer Vision Computer Vision  is the field of study of interpreting camera images for a variety of purposes. Cameras are very common sensors; it can be say as the eyes of robot. Light Sensor Sensor for measures and differentiate light levels reflected from bright and dark surfaces. It is also use as the eyes of the robot, it helps in navigating, detect bright object, tell the different between coloured objects. Touch Sensors The uses of touch sensors are to detect contact between the robot and external objects surround it. Other example of sensors [4]: Ultrasonic Range Sensors Infrared Sensors Inertia Measurement Unit Accelerometers Current and Voltage Sensors Temperature and Humidity Sensors Camera and Vision Sensors Obstacle Detectors Force Sensors Sound detectors and etc. 2.3.2.2 Hydraulic Technologies Hydraulics  is the equipment or machinery involves or is operated by a fluid that is under pressure, such as water or oil.  This system used to increase the power of force to produce maximum energy required. Hydraulic systems are widely used in various industries to operate and manufacture many products. Hydraulic usually applied on machines and robotic part [5]. 2.3.2.3 Pneumatic Technologies Pneumatics technology is operated by air under pressure and it is powerful. Pneumatic means filled with air. It is quiet similar to hydraulic, the only different are it is operated by air, where as hydraulic is operated by liquid. Examples of pneumatic systems: Air compressor, electro-pneumatic action, tubular-pneumatic action, vacuum pump, compressed-air engine, air brakes, air engines, pneumatics launchers Pneumatic robot arm operated by human. Pneumatic can have long operating lives and require very little maintenance, but it is not easily damaged by shock [6]. 2.4 Uses of Robots in Various Fields 2.4.1 Medical Field An endoscope A laparoscopic surgery machineWhen we talk about robots performing tasks of human, we talk about future. But the use of robots in surgery is already a reality. The developments of technologies have brought various robotic devices into the medical field and these advanced robotic devices have been performing as a great assistant in a surgery room for today. With these robotic systems, the operation has become much less invasive but however, due to some disadvantages of these systems, surgeons are still cannot being replaced. Minimally invasive surgery is a broad concept including many common procedures that existed prior to the introduction of robots, such as gall bladder excisions. It refers to procedures that avoid long cuts by entering the body through a small entry [7]. However, surgeons can perform this procedure by using long handled surgery equipments and the guidance of viewing equipment such as endoscope; therefore it is not a necessary to use robots to do that. But yet, it d oes not mean robots are then do not categorised under minimally invasive surgery. Robot-assisted surgery system can be divided into 3 kinds which are supervisory-controlled system, telesurgical system and shared-control system. First, supervisory-controlled system is a system that allows the robots to perform tasks individually which will act according to the computer programme where the surgeons inputs into them earlier. Next, the telesurgical system which is also known as remote surgical requires the direct involvement of surgeons to conduct the robots arm rather than allowing it to perform surgery procedures by itself. Because the robot is still technically performing the procedures, so it is still considered under the subgroup of robotic surgery. The third system will be shared-control system. In this system, it requires the most involvement of surgeons. The surgeon carries out the procedure with the use of a robot that offers steady-hand manipulations of the instrument. This enables both entities to jointly perform the tasks [7]. Overall, the main difference between these 3 systems is the degree of interaction between the surgeons and the robots during the procedures. [8] Although the robot-surgeons can perform as a great assistant in surgery rooms, however there is nothing to be one hundred percents safe, including these robots. Mechanical devices including robots have the potentials to be malfunction and contravened the concept of minimally invasive surgery, or even worse, causing harm to the patients. Hence, safety of using these equipments has been questioned. Manufacturers have endeavoured to reduce the risks of malfunctioning of robots by installing related safety features. Nevertheless, these safety measurements have caused these robots increase in cost, making them unaffordable. Source: Table from Howe, RD, Matsuoka, Y. Robotics for Surgery. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. 1999, 01:213. The following table shows and compares the strength and limitation of using human-surgeon and robot-surgeon: 2.4.2 Military Field The military does not usually use the term robot, but they categorise and name the robots into Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), depending on the environment they operated. Using of these robots in the war field can always being seen by technology-advanced countries, especially United State. Instead of sending their armies to combat in the war, they dispatch robots with weapon-equipped to the field. Even though they claimed that with this it can reduce the sacrificing of their armies but in fact, they are creating a larger offense towards their so-called enemy which may also cause more injuries to the innocents during the war. Yet in this decade, with the rapid increasing in research and development, scientists and researchers have manufactured robots that do not fight but to safe the people and also recovering the situation to a safety level. Let us discuss these military robots according to their categories. TALON SWORDS with different weaponriesUnmanned Ground Vehicles [9], or UGVs, are vehicles that require the needs of human to operate through remote-controlled system via a wireless communication link. UGVs are commonly telepresence robots which they are able to send feedback of images captured by video cameras which have been installed, to the operator. There are also robots equipped with weapon, and the most popular of its kind is TALON. According to Foster Miller [10], TALON is now a military robot that has most advanced technologies installed in it which it can moves through sand, water, snow and even staircases. With the cameras installed, it can transmit images in colours, black and white, infrared and night vision to the operator who is far away for up to 1km. SWORDS [11] or Special Weapon Observation Reconnaissance Detection System is a system where robots are granted with weapons and it was specially designed for the US armies. These robots were ever used by US Special Forces in the war against the Taliban in Afghanistan as well as the role to dispose explosive mines. Besides, there are also robots/vehicles that perform autonomously. Autonomous UGVs basically do not BEAR Rescue Military Robot involve in combat, but they carried out tasks like logistics, supplying of materials to the war fields, rescue operation, fire fighting, mine detection and disposal and etc. Rescue operation has been carried out by robots in an active battlefield to take care of the casualties and if necessitate, carry the casualties out from the field. The BEAR rescue military robots [12] have been designed with powerful upper body with hydraulics technology, track rollers as legs and dynamic balancing behaviour. UAVs with Hellfire-Missiles Next, robots that navigate in the sky without intervention human crews are called Unmanned Aerial Vehicles [13], or UAVs, but can be partially operated through remote or in this decade; they have been invented to be fully autonomous through pre-programming flight plans. UAVs are available in various shapes, features, characteristics and configurations. They have been widely used in a lot of countries to play a role in battlefields, logistic (cargo), research and development, civil and commercial. For most of the time, they have been a great assistant for the soldier troops to provide battlefield intelligence and bombard the targeted area. Military UAVs have been installed with various weapon including missiles and bombs. The US Army has been using this feature during their conquering in the war [14] with Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen and Iraq. In between, error targeting and faulty intelligence caused numbers of innocent civilian to dead. Due to large size of common UAVs, tiny spy robots Robot Flies [12] have been created so to access into confined and cluttered spaces within the buildings, tunnels, stairwells or caves for surveillance and reconnaissance purposes. It is stated that there are also possibilities to equip these robots with small explosive charges to destroy on a small specific area instead of destroying the whole. Robot Fly Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs)Subsequently, the underwater robots AUVs, in full Autonomous Underwater Vehicles are also known as Unmanned Undersea Vehicles (UUVs). AUVs are basically works within the sea without any intervention of human. Whereas the non-autonomous called Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) are controlled by the operator from the surface through umbilical. In military field, AUVs are used to detect if there are any mines and to monitor the protected area for new unidentified objects. For the purpose of warfare, AUVs are employed to detect and resist the invasion of manned submarines [15]. From the research, AUVs are not so popular to be employed into the military fields as wars under the water are so seldom to be seen. 2.4.3 Industrial Field Robots employed in industrial field are static robots which are majorly automated and allowed to make decision via pre-programmed inputs. These robots are more common to be seen in form of arm-shaped. They will not have the components of head, body and legs, but just arm. In earlier decades, mans responsibilities in manufacturing process like welding, painting, assembly,  pick  and place,  packaging  and  palletizing, product inspection, and testing have been displaced by robots today. The introduction of robots into industrial field is a great contribution as they can accomplish their tasks in a faster way, more efficient and highly better than a man can do in term of precision and endurance. The different between each arms and the functioning role of the arms are depending on the tools that are fixed at the end of the arm, or they call them the end-effectors. Industrial robots can also being classified into [16]: Vertically Articulated The multi-jointed arm of a vertically articulated robot is connected to the base with a twisting joint. The links in the arm are connected by rotary joints. This type is  often called jointed-arm. [16] Cartesian Coordinate This robot is limited to x, y, and z movement. It is  also called a rectilinear robot. All of the robot arm links are connected with linear joints. The physical appearance is square [16]. SCARA The Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm  is ideal for precision work within one plane. Its work envelope is cylindrical. It has two horizontal joints [16]. Cylindrical The robot has one rotary joint at the base and two linear joints to connect the links. Their work envelope is also cylindrical [16]. Polar The arm is connected to the base with a twisting joint and a combination of rotary and linear joints. They have a spherical-shaped from outside look [16]. Delta This robot configuration combines a rotational joint and parallelograms. Delta robots work within a dome-shaped work envelope [16]. Welding arm Welding devices such as MIG-welding gun are one of the popular robot guns that are widely used in the industry to assembly their products. Welding arms are programmed to carry out specific task welding process repeatedly, fusing of adjacent parts together with uniform quality at a rapid speed. Robot Spray ArmThe next tool will be the Spray Gun. As we know, Spraying evenly on the surface is never an easy job for human. Hence, it is also popular to apply the spray gun into robot arms to do spraying for human. Besides to achieve nearly perfect quality or spraying, they also help to relieve the human from this hazardous and skilful job. Liquid used in the spray contained various unknown chemicals that might cause harm to human. At the same time, spray gun will not waste paints hence reducing the cost. Robot arm that can lift up heavy objects. Picture showing a man carried by robot arm.Picking, lifting and placing applications can be done through installing grippers. Materials used in industries are normally big and heavy. Besides of using electro-mechanical technologies, hydraulic and pneumatic technologies that produce multiply forces can be applied to the arm. Picking up of some objects haven been done by vacuum. To make sure the positioning of these devices are constant and accurate, location sensors have been installed as well [17]. 2.4.5 Space Exploration Field When it comes to space exploration, by automatically we know that robots have been contributing a lot, or accomplishing most of the space exploration tasks. The only planet that human has set foot on, besides Earth is the Moon. However, our tremendous robots have set their feet in planets like Mars, Venus, Jupiter and including few comets and asteroids [18]. Without them, human will not be able to know how the other planets look like and of course, without them human will never know that aliens do not appear in the planets within Solar System. We would not conclude that aliens do not appear in our real life because there are no researches stating that robots have been successfully sent out and explored the whole Universe and so, we never know what is going on outside our Universe. Robots have been used widely in this field because of the not-habitable environment for human beings. Eliminate the matter of oxygen; human are not able to cope with the different pressure and gravitational force on the other planets. Therefore costly astronaut suits have been created and in fact they are already being created, and this will never be an intelligence act. There are also risks involved when sending human to the planets and back to the Earth. Several cases happened in the past where explosions of space shuttle caused death to human. Logo of NASAIt is common when people talk about space exploring, they will think of NASA [19], in full National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA is an agency that has been established on July 29, 1958. Before the establishment of NASA, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics  (NACA) is also an agency which is responsible for every space programs in United States. NASA has led the human nation towards the knowledge of space, after launching Apollo to the Moon, and then invented and released the space station, Skylab and later the Space Shuttle. The historical moment when Neil Armstrong represented his nation to be the first man to step on the Moon.Apollo program is one of the worlds most amazing events in the history that it was the first program that brought human to the Moon and back to the land safely. Apollo 1 caused a tragedy that kills all the astronauts who were inside due to a fire during experimental simulation. Thus, several experiments and observations had carried out before they boarded the human and sent them to the Moon. At last Apollo 11 had successfully landed the first men on the moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin [20]. Skylab was the first space station that had been launched to the orbit by United States in 1973. In the space station there are laboratories prepared for the researchers to carry out scientific experiments and studies such as the Sun, space flight, metallic-crystal growth, microgravity, and solar observatory. But in few years time, Skylab fell from the orbit on 11 July 1979. Currently Skylab have been replaced and named as International Space Station (ISS) [21]. The famous robots in space with no doubt have to be the series of Orbiters, Rovers and Landers that have been sent to Mars in the previous years. The first orbiter which was sent to Mars on July 14, 1965 is Mariner 4. Launching of Mariner 4 has been a great achievement as it enables the human to have a closer relation on the other planets after Great amount of water required to cause the erosion shown. Picture taken by Viking 1 on Mars.it sent back the photos of Mars. In the series of Landers, 2 Viking Landers, Viking 1 and Viking 2 had been released to Mars in the year 1976 with the accompaniment of orbiters that send back photos and scientific data. Life detection application was installed to the landers to detect life on Mars but however, the result sent back an unclear data. From the newest research by NASA, they found that the Mars is covered with large amount of gas called Methane, which is also one of the main components found in the Earth. Methane gas in the Earth is largely produced by organism when digesting of nutrients. However, it can also being released to the air through geological processes. Thus, it is still unclear whether if there are organisms survive under the permafrost layer of Mars [22]. There are other more advance robots that have been sent for planetary exploration. These include Sojourner and Mar s Exploration Rovers (MERs). The 2 robots mentioned are tele-operated which they required humans control. However, MERs have been a better robot due to larger mechanical size and also equipped with better communication and instrumentation than Sojourner. Sojourner was sent to Mars in 1997 and MERs is in 2004 [24]. However, in such numbers of space robots, Sputnik 1 has been the very first robot that was sent to the space. Mariner 2 by U.S. was the first robot that flown to Venus on 12 December 1962. In the same year, a Russian space robot, Venera 7 was the first human-made vehicle to successfully land on another planet and transmits data back to Earth. Voyager 1There was a mission, the Voyager mission, sent robot and explore the world outside of our Solar System. Voyager 1 and 2 were launched in 1977. Voyager 1 as in June 19, 2009, was at a distance about 16.49 billion kilometres away from the Sun, currently the furthest man-made object in the space [24]. In these decades, there are numerous missions that have been set and hopefully soon or later, robots can help to accomplish these missions. 2.5 Side Effects of Robots The side effect of robots is mean that the negative issues or disadvantages which robots will bring to our world if there are over used or over populated. Although robots is create to assist us human to improve our life, but they may bring harm to us as well if we do not use them wisely. From the research we made, there are some disadvantages of robotic system and robots, when normal people to operate the robots, the functions are limited and only the creator or programmers what those functions are. Although robots is been programmed, but they may not function properly in case of an emergency or unexpected occasion. The cost for built the robots and robotic systems are very high, this make it needs to have full consideration before built it. Besides, it may need to have more extra funds and spaces to provide the facilities to build the robots. There are some moral issues occur if the robotic systems and robots have over used. The too much using of robots and robotic systems in our society making us human beings become more dependent upon robot. Because of this, many people will always depend on robots to done their works (this could be possibly happen like in the movie Surrogates, where the human just stay in their home and control their look alike robot to works). The advance use of robots and robotic systems may replace the human labour and causing people to lose their jobs and facing economic matter. In medical field, if the robotic systems and robots have taking over majority of the doctors job for example, certain surgeries, this may cause certain people may not be able to access the services due to lack of funds. This may also happen in some other fields, this can be describe in military field, because robots are more advance therefore, which country that are rich and own many military robotics system and robots will be the most powerful country. These mean that, if we do not want this negative effect to be happening in the future, we should wisely use the robots and balance the functi